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Device that sucks up dirt from a surface

Canister vacuum cleaner for dwelling use

A vacuum cleaner, also known simply as a vacuum or a hoover, is a device that causes suction in club to remove dirt from floors, upholstery, draperies, and other surfaces. It is generally electrically driven.

The clay is collected by either a dustbag or a cyclone for later disposal. Vacuum cleaners, which are used in homes as well as in industry, exist in a variety of sizes and models—small battery-powered mitt-held devices, wheeled canister models for home use, domestic fundamental vacuum cleaners, huge stationary industrial appliances that can handle several hundred litres of grit before existence emptied, and self-propelled vacuum trucks for recovery of big spills or removal of contaminated soil. Specialized shop vacuums tin be used to suck up both dust and liquids.

Name

Although vacuum cleaner and the short form vacuum are neutral names, in some countries (UK, Republic of ireland) hoover is used instead every bit a genericized trademark, and as a verb. The name comes from the Hoover Visitor, i of the beginning and more than influential companies in the development of the device. In New Zealand, particularly the Southland region, it is sometimes called a lux, too a genericized trademark and used as a verb.^{[1] [ii]} The device is also sometimes called a sweeper although the same term also refers to a carpet sweeper, a similar invention.

History

An early hand-pumped vacuum cleaner

The vacuum cleaner evolved from the rug sweeper via manual vacuum cleaners. The offset manual models, using bellows, were developed in the 1860s, and the first motorized designs appeared at the plow of the 20th century, with the first decade being the boom decade.

Manual vacuums

Patent model of Daniel Hess'southward carpet sweeper

In 1860 a manual vacuum cleaner was invented past Daniel Hess of West Union, Iowa. Called a 'carpet sweeper', It gathered dust with a rotating brush and had a bellows for generating suction.^{[3] [iv]} Another early model (1869) was the "Whirlwind", invented in Chicago in 1868 by Ives W. McGaffey. The bulky device worked with a chugalug driven fan cranked by mitt that made it awkward to operate, although it was commercially marketed with mixed success. ^[5] A like model was constructed by Melville R. Bissell of Grand Rapids, Michigan in 1876, who too manufactured rug sweepers.^[6] The company later added portable vacuum cleaners to its line of cleaning tools.

Powered vacuum cleaners

Housemaid using "dedusting pump", circa 1906.

The end of the 19th century saw the introduction of powered cleaners, although early types used some variation of blowing air to make clean instead of suction.^[7] Ane appeared in 1898 when John Due south. Thurman of St. Louis, Missouri submitted a patent (U.S. No. 634,042) for a "pneumatic carpet renovator" which blew dust into a receptacle.^[viii] Thurman's system, powered by an internal combustion engine, traveled to the customers residence on a horse-fatigued railroad vehicle as part of a door to door cleaning service. Corrine Dufour of Savannah, Georgia received two patents in 1899 and 1900 for some other blown air system that seems to have featured the first use of an electrical motor.^[7]

In 1901 powered vacuum cleaners using suction were invented independently by British engineer Hubert Cecil Booth and American inventor David T. Kenney.^{[9] [viii]} Booth also may have coined the word "vacuum cleaner".^[9] Berth's horse drawn combustion engine powered "Puffing Billy",^[10] mayhap derived from Thurman's blown air pattern,"^[11] relied upon just suction with air pumped through a fabric filter and was offered as part of his cleaning services. Kenney's was a stationary 4,000 lb. steam engine powered organisation with pipes and hoses reaching into all parts of the building.

Domestic vacuum cleaner

A hand-powered pneumatic vacuum cleaner, circa 1910. An early electric-powered model is as well shown

The start vacuum-cleaning device to be portable and marketed at the domestic market place was congenital in 1905 by Walter Griffiths, a manufacturer in Birmingham, England.^[12] His Griffith's Improved Vacuum Apparatus for Removing Dust from Carpets resembled modern-day cleaners; – it was portable, like shooting fish in a barrel to store, and powered past "whatsoever one person (such every bit the ordinary domestic servant)", who would have the task of compressing a bellows-like contraption to suck up dust through a removable, flexible pipe, to which a multifariousness of shaped nozzles could exist attached.

Early electric vacuum cleaner by Electric Suction Sweeper Company, circa 1908

In 1906 James B. Kirby developed his kickoff of many vacuums called the "Domestic Cyclone". It used h2o for dirt separation. Later revisions came to exist known as the Kirby Vacuum Cleaner. In 1907 department shop janitor James Murray Spangler (1848–1915) of Canton, Ohio invented the get-go portable electric vacuum cleaner,^[13] obtaining a patent for the Electrical Suction Sweeper on 2 June 1908. Crucially, in addition to suction from an electrical fan that blew the dirt and grit into a soap box and i of his married woman's pillow cases, Spangler's design utilized a rotating castor to loosen droppings.^[fourteen] Unable to produce the design himself due to lack of funding, he sold the patent in 1908 to local leather goods manufacturer William Henry Hoover (1849–1932), who had Spangler's car redesigned with a steel casing, casters, and attachments, founding the visitor that in 1922 was renamed the Hoover Company. Their get-go vacuum was the 1908 Model O, which sold for $60. Subsequent innovations included the beater bar in 1919 ("It beats as it sweeps as information technology cleans"),^[xv] disposal filter bags in the 1920s, and an upright vacuum cleaner in 1926.

In Continental Europe, the Fisker and Nielsen company in Denmark was the first to sell vacuum cleaners in 1910. The design weighed just 17.v kg (39 lb) and could be operated by a single person. The Swedish visitor Electrolux launched their Model V in 1921 with the innovation of beingness able to prevarication on the floor on two thin metal runners.^[16] In the 1930s the Germany visitor Vorwerk started marketing vacuum cleaners of their own design which they sold through direct sales.

Post-Second World War

A Kirby G5 vacuum cleaner

For many years later on their introduction, vacuum cleaners remained a luxury particular, but later on the Second World War, they became common among the middle classes. Vacuums tend to be more mutual in Western countries because in about other parts of the world, wall-to-wall carpeting is uncommon and homes have tile or hardwood floors, which are easily swept, wiped or mopped manually without ability help.

The last decades of the 20th century saw the more than widespread use of technologies developed earlier, including filterless cyclonic dirt separation, central vacuum systems and rechargeable hand-held vacuums. In improver, miniaturized computer engineering science and improved batteries allowed the development of a new type of car – the democratic robotic vacuum cleaner. In 1997 Electrolux of Sweden demonstrated the Electrolux Trilobite, the start autonomous cordless robotic vacuum cleaner on the BBC-Tv program Tomorrow'southward World, introducing it to the consumer market in 2001.^[17]

Recent developments

In 2004 a British company released Airider, a hovering vacuum cleaner that floats on a cushion of air, similar to a hovercraft. It has claimed to be light-weight and easier to maneuver (compared to using wheels), although it is non the first vacuum cleaner to do this – the Hoover Constellation predated it by at least 35 years.

A British inventor has developed a new cleaning technology known as Air Recycling Applied science, which, instead of using a vacuum, uses an air stream to collect dust from the rug.^[18] This engineering science was tested by the Marketplace Transformation Plan (MTP) and shown to be more than energy-efficient than the vacuum method.^[19] Although working prototypes exist, Air Recycling Technology is not currently used in whatever production cleaner.

Modern configurations

A wide variety of technologies, designs, and configurations are bachelor for both domestic and commercial cleaning jobs.^{[ commendation needed ]}

Upright

Upright vacuum cleaners are popular in the United states, Britain and numerous Commonwealth countries, but unusual in some Continental European countries.^{[ citation needed ]} They take the form of a cleaning head, onto which a handle and bag are attached. Upright designs generally employ a rotating brushroll or beater bar, which removes dirt through a combination of sweeping and vibration. There are 2 types of upright vacuums; muddied-air/direct fan (found by and large on commercial vacuums), or clean-air/fan-featherbed (found on almost of today'due south domestic vacuums).

The older of the two designs, directly-fan cleaners have a big impeller (fan) mounted close to the suction opening, through which the clay passes directly, before being blown into a bag. The motor is often cooled by a split up cooling fan. Because of their big-bladed fans, and comparatively brusk airpaths, straight-fan cleaners create a very efficient airflow from a low amount of ability, and make constructive rug cleaners. Their "above-floor" cleaning power is less efficient, since the airflow is lost when it passes through a long hose, and the fan has been optimized for airflow volume and not suction.

Fan-bypass uprights have their motor mounted later on the filter handbag. Dust is removed from the airstream by the handbag, and usually a filter, before it passes through the fan. The fans are smaller, and are normally a combination of several moving and stationary turbines working in sequence to boost power. The motor is cooled by the airstream passing through it. Fan-bypass vacuums are good for both carpet and above-floor cleaning, since their suction does not significantly diminish over the distance of a hose, equally it does in direct-fan cleaners. Notwithstanding, their air-paths are much less efficient, and can crave more than than twice as much power as direct-fan cleaners to achieve the same results.

The almost mutual upright vacuum cleaners use a bulldoze-belt powered by the suction motor to rotate the brush-coil. Nonetheless, a more common pattern of dual motor upright is available. In these cleaners, the suction is provided via a big motor, while the brushroll is powered by a split, smaller motor, which does non create any suction. The brush-roll motor can sometimes be switched off, and then hard floors can be cleaned without the brush-curlicue scattering the dirt. It may also have an automatic cut-off characteristic which shuts the motor off if the brush-whorl becomes jammed, protecting it from damage.

Canister

Canister models (in the UK also often called cylinder models) dominate the European marketplace. They accept the motor and dust collector (using a bag or bagless) in a split unit, usually mounted on wheels, which is connected to the vacuum head by a flexible hose. Their main advantage is flexibility, equally the user can attach unlike heads for unlike tasks, and maneuverability (the head can attain under article of furniture and makes information technology very piece of cake to vacuum stairs and vertical surfaces). Many cylinder models have power heads as standard or addition equipment containing the same sort of mechanical beaters as in upright units, making them as efficient on carpets every bit upright models. Such beaters are driven by a dissever electrical motor or a turbine which uses the suction ability to spin the brushroll via a drive belt.

Drum

Wet/dry out vacuum for dwelling house utilize

Drum or shop vac models are substantially heavy-duty industrial versions of cylinder vacuum cleaners, where the canister consists of a large vertically positioned pulsate which tin can exist stationary or on wheels. Smaller versions, for use in garages or pocket-size workshops, are usually electrically powered. Larger models, which tin store over 200 litres (44 imp gal; 53 US gal), are often hooked up to compressed air, utilizing the Venturi upshot to produce a partial vacuum. Born dust collection systems are besides used in many workshops.

Wet/dry

"Shop Vac" redirects here. For the Jonathan Coulton song, run into Thing a Calendar week.

Wet or moisture/dry vacuum cleaners are a specialized form of the cylinder/drum models that tin be used to make clean up wet or liquid spills. They are generally designed to be used both indoors and outdoors and to arrange both wet and dry droppings; some are also equipped with an exhaust port or detachable blower for reversing the airflow, a useful function for everything from immigration a clogged hose to blowing grit into a corner for like shooting fish in a barrel collection.

Related to the moisture vacuum is the extration vacuum cleaner used mainly in hot water extraction, a method of cleaning hard-to-movement pieces of fabric similar carpets. These machines are able to spray hot soapy water and and so suck it back out of the material, removing dirt in the process.

Pneumatic

Pneumatic or pneumatic wet/dry vacuum cleaners are a specialized form of wet/dry models that hook upwards to compressed air. They unremarkably can accommodate both moisture and dry soilage, a useful feature in industrial plants and manufacturing facilities.

Backpack

Backpack vacuum cleaners are unremarkably used for commercial cleaning: they allow the user to motion chop-chop near a large area. They are essentially pocket-sized canister vacuums strapped onto the user's back.

Mitt-held

USB-powered hand-held vacuum cleaner (promotional giveaway).

Lightweight hand-held vacuum cleaners, either powered from rechargeable batteries or mains power, are as well pop for cleaning up smaller spills. Frequently seen examples include the Black & Decker DustBuster, which was introduced in 1979, and numerous handheld models past Clay Devil, which were first introduced in 1984. Some battery-powered handheld vacuums are wet/dry rated; the appliance must be partially disassembled and cleaned after picking upward wet materials to avert developing unpleasant odors.

Robotic

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, several companies developed robotic vacuum cleaners, a form of carpet sweeper usually equipped with limited suction ability. Some prominent brands are Roomba, Neato, and bObsweep. These machines move autonomously while collecting surface grit and debris into a dustbin. They tin can usually navigate effectually furniture and come back to a docking station to charge their batteries, and a few are able to empty their grit containers into the dock equally well. Almost models are equipped with motorized brushes and a vacuum motor to collect grit and debris. While most robotic vacuum cleaners are designed for dwelling employ, some models are advisable for operation in offices, hotels, hospitals, etc.

In December 2009, Neato Robotics launched the earth's kickoff robotic vacuum cleaner which uses a rotating laser-based range-finder (a form of lidar) to scan and map its surrounding. It uses this map to clean the floor methodically, even if information technology requires the robot to return to its base multiple times to recharge itself. In many cases information technology will notice when an area of the floor that was previously inaccessible becomes reachable, such as when a dog wakes upwards from a nap, and return to vacuum that surface area. It also has the strongest impeller among robotic vacuum cleaners, pulling in 35 CFM (1 one thousandⁱⁱⁱ/min) of air.^[21]

Cyclonic

A Dyson DC07 upright cyclonic vacuum cleaner using centrifugal force to separate dust and particles from the air flowing through the cylindrical collection vessel

Portable vacuum cleaners working on the cyclonic separation principle became popular in the 1990s. This dirt separation principle was well known and often used in central vacuum systems. Cleveland'south P.A. Geier Company had obtained a patent on a cyclonic vacuum cleaner as early equally 1928, which was later sold to Wellness-Mor in 1939, introducing the Filter Queen cyclonic canister vacuum cleaner.^[22]

In 1979, James Dyson introduced a portable unit of measurement with cyclonic separation, adapting this design from industrial saw mills.^[23] He launched his cyclone cleaner first in Japan in the 1980s at a toll of about US$1800 and in 1993 released the Dyson DC01 upright in the Uk for £200. Critics expected that people would not purchase a vacuum cleaner at twice the toll of a conventional unit, but the Dyson design later became the most popular cleaner in the UK.^{[24] [25]}

Cyclonic cleaners practice non apply filtration bags. Instead, the dust is separated in a detachable cylindrical drove vessel or bin. Air and grit are sucked at high speed into the collection vessel at a direction tangential to the vessel wall, creating a fast-spinning vortex. The dust particles and other debris move to the exterior of the vessel by centrifugal force, where they fall due to gravity.

In fixed-installation central vacuum cleaners, the cleaned air may be exhausted directly outside without demand for further filtration. A well-designed cyclonic filtration system loses suction ability due to airflow restriction simply when the collection vessel is near full. This is in marked contrast to filter purse systems, which lose suction when pores in the filter become clogged as dirt and dust are collected.

In portable cyclonic models, the cleaned air from the center of the vortex is expelled from the car afterwards passing through a number of successively finer filters at the top of the container. The first filter is intended to trap particles which could damage the subsequent filters that remove fine dust particles. The filters must regularly be cleaned or replaced to ensure that the machine continues to perform efficiently.

Since Dyson's success in raising public awareness of cyclonic separation, several other companies have introduced cyclone models. Competing manufacturers include Hoover, Bissell, Shark, Eureka, Electrolux, Filter Queen, etc., and the cheapest models are no more expensive than a conventional cleaner.

Cardinal

Primal vacuum cleaners, also known as built-in or ducted, are a blazon of canister/cylinder model which has the motor and dirt filtration unit of measurement located in a key location in a edifice, and connected by pipes to fixed vacuum inlets installed throughout the building. But the hose and cleaning head demand be carried from room to room, and the hose is commonly 8 m (25 ft) long, allowing a big range of move without changing vacuum inlets. Plastic or metal piping connects the inlets to the central unit. The vacuum head may exist unpowered, or accept beaters operated by an electrical motor or by an air-driven turbine.

The dirt purse or collection bin in a central vacuum system is ordinarily and then large that emptying or changing needs to be done less often, possibly a few times per year for an ordinary household. The fundamental unit usually stays in stand-by, and is turned on past a switch on the handle of the hose. Alternately, the unit powers up when the hose is plugged into the wall inlet, when the metallic hose connector makes contact with ii prongs in the wall inlet and control electric current is transmitted through depression voltage wires to the chief unit.

A key vacuum typically produces greater suction than common portable vacuum cleaners considering a larger fan and more than powerful motor tin exist used when they are not required to be portable. A cyclonic separation organisation, if used, does not lose suction as the collection container fills up, until the container is nearly full. This is in marked contrast to filter-pocketbook designs, which start losing suction immediately equally pores in the filter become clogged by accumulated clay and grit.

A benefit to allergy sufferers is that unlike a standard vacuum cleaner, which must blow some of the dirt collected back into the room being cleaned (no affair how efficient its filtration), a central vacuum removes all the clay collected to the fundamental unit. Since this central unit of measurement is usually located outside the living area, no dust is recirculated dorsum into the room being cleaned. Also it is possible on most newer models to vent the exhaust entirely exterior, even with the unit of measurement within the living quarters.

Another benefit of the primal vacuum is, considering of the remote location of the motor unit, there is much less noise in the room being cleaned than with a standard vacuum cleaner.

Constellation

Hoover Constellation of 1960

The Hoover Company marketed an unusual vacuum cleaner, called the Constellation, in the 1960s. The cylinder blazon lacked wheels, and instead the vacuum cleaner floated on its exhaust, operating equally a hovercraft, although this is not truthful of the earliest models. They had a rotating hose with the intention being that the user would identify the unit in the centre of the room, and work around the cleaner. Introduced in 1954, they are collectible, and are easily identified by their spherical shape. Only they remain an interesting car; restored, they work well in homes with many hardwood floors.

The Constellations were changed and updated over the years until discontinued in 1975. These Constellations road all of the exhaust nether the vacuum using a dissimilar airfoil. The updated design is quiet even by mod standards, peculiarly on carpet as it muffles the sound. These models float on carpet or bare floor—although on hard flooring, the exhaust air tends to scatter whatever fluff or debris around.

Hoover re-released an updated version of this subsequently model Constellation in the Usa (model # S3341 in Pearl White and # S3345 in stainless steel). Changes include a HEPA filtration handbag, a 12-amp motor, a turbine-powered brush roll, and a redesigned version of the handle. This same model was marketed in the Britain nether the Maytag brand as the Satellite because of licensing restrictions. It was sold from 2006 to 2009.

Vehicles

Meet vacuum truck for very big vacuum cleaners mounted on vehicles.

Other

Some other vacuum cleaners include an electric mop in the same machine: for a dry out and a later moisture clean.

The iRobot company developed the Scooba, a robotic wet vacuum cleaner that carries its own cleaning solution, applies it and scrubs the floor, and vacuums the dingy water into a collection tank.

Engineering science

A vacuum's suction is caused by a difference in air pressure. A fan driven by an electric motor (often a universal motor) reduces the pressure within the machine. Atmospheric pressure and then pushes the air through the carpet and into the nozzle, and so the dust is literally pushed into the bag.

Tests have shown that vacuuming can impale 100% of young fleas and 96% of adult fleas.^[26]

Frazzle filtration

A full dustbag. The frame effectually the opening fastens to the interior end of the cleaner'due south hose inlet.

Vacuums past their nature cause dust to become airborne, by exhausting air that is not completely filtered. This can cause wellness problems since the operator ends up inhaling respirable dust, which is likewise redeposited into the expanse being cleaned. There are several methods manufacturers use to control this problem, some of which may be combined in a single appliance. Typically a filter is positioned so that the incoming air passes through information technology before it reaches the fan, so the filtered air passes through the motor for cooling purposes. Some other designs use a completely separate air intake for cooling.

It is nearly impossible for a applied air filter to completely remove all ultrafine particles from a clay-laden airstream. An ultra-efficient air filter will immediately clog up and get ineffective during everyday utilise, and applied filters are a compromise between filtering effectiveness and restriction of airflow. 1 style to sidestep this problem is to exhaust partially filtered air to the outdoors, which is a design feature of some central vacuum systems. Specially engineered portable vacuums may besides utilize this blueprint, merely are more bad-mannered to ready upwardly and utilize, requiring temporary installation of a split up exhaust hose to an exterior window.

• Handbag: The nearly common method to capture the debris vacuumed up involves a newspaper or fabric handbag that allows air to pass through, but attempts to trap virtually of the dust and debris. The purse may become chock-full with fine dust before it is total. The purse may be disposable, or designed to be cleaned and re-used.
• Bagless: In not-cyclonic bagless models, the role of the purse is taken past a removable container and a reusable filter, equivalent to a reusable fabric pocketbook.
• Cyclonic separation: A vacuum cleaner employing this method is also bagless. It causes intake air to be cycled or spun so fast that nearly of the dust is forced out of the air and falls into a collection bin. The operation is similar to that of a centrifuge. Centrifugal separators eliminate the problem of a bag becoming clogged with fine dust.
• Water filtration: Starting time seen commercially in the 1920s in the class of the Newcombe Separator (later to become the Rexair Rainbow), a h2o filtration vacuum cleaner uses a water bath every bit a filter. Information technology forces the clay-laden intake air to pass through h2o before it is exhausted, then that wet dust cannot get airborne. The water trap filtration and low speed may as well permit the user to use the motorcar as a stand up-lonely air purifier and humidifier unit. The dingy water must be dumped out and the appliance must exist cleaned after each use, to avert growth of bacteria and mold, causing unpleasant odors.
• Ultra fine air filter: Too chosen HEPA filtered, this method is used as a secondary filter after the air has passed through the residuum of the machine. It is meant to remove any remaining dust that could harm the operator. Some vacuum cleaners also use an activated charcoal filter to remove odors.

Ordinary vacuum cleaners should never be used to clean upwards asbestos fibers, even if fitted with a HEPA filter. Specially-designed machines are required to safely clean upwardly asbestos.^[27]

Attachments

About vacuum cleaners are supplied with numerous specialized attachments, such every bit tools, brushes and extension wands, which let them to reach otherwise inaccessible places or to be used for cleaning a variety of surfaces. The most common of these tools are:

• Hard flooring brush (for non-upright designs)
• Powered floor nozzle (for canister designs)
• Dusting brush
• Crevice tool
• Upholstery nozzle

• 

  Hard flooring brush (for non-upright designs)

• 

  Crevice tool

• 

  Vacuum hose

• 

  Hard floor brush (for non-upright designs)

Specifications

The performance of a vacuum cleaner can exist measured by several parameters:

• Airflow, in litres per second [fifty/s] or cubic feet per minute (CFM or ft³/min)
• Air speed, in metres per second [thousand/southward] or miles per hour [mph]
• Suction, vacuum, or water elevator, in pascals [Pa] or inches of h2o

Other specifications of a vacuum cleaner are:

• Weight, in kilograms [kg] or pounds [lb]
• Noise, in decibels [dB]
• Power string length and hose length (as applicable)

Suction

The suction is the maximum pressure difference that the pump tin create. For instance, a typical domestic model has a suction of nigh negative 20 kPa.^{[ citation needed ]} This means that it can lower the pressure level inside the hose from normal atmospheric pressure (about 100 kPa) past 20 kPa. The higher the suction rating, the more powerful the cleaner. I inch of water is equivalent to about 249 Pa; hence, the typical suction is 80 inches (ii,000 mm) of water.

Input power

The power consumption of a vacuum cleaner, in watts, is oft the merely effigy stated.^{[ citation needed ]} Many Northward American vacuum manufacturers requite the current only in amperes (eastward.g. "vi amps"),^{[ commendation needed ]} and the consumer is left to multiply that by the line voltage of 120 volts to become the approximate power ratings in watts. The rated input power does not bespeak the effectiveness of the cleaner, only how much electricity it consumes.

After August 2014, due to European union rules, manufacture of vacuum cleaners with a ability consumption greater than 1600 watts were banned within the European union, and from 2017 no vacuum cleaner with a wattage greater than 900 watts was permitted.^{[28] [29]}

Output power

The amount of input power that is converted into airflow at the end of the cleaning hose is sometimes stated, and is measured in airwatts: the measurement units are simply watts. The word "air" is used to clarify that this is output power, not input electrical power.

The airwatt is derived from English units. ASTM International defines the airwatt every bit 0.117354 × F × S, where F is the charge per unit of air menstruation in ft³/min and S is the pressure in inches of h2o. This makes one airwatt equal to 0.9983 watts.^[30]

Automotive vacuums in Bayonet Point, Florida. Although the sign says "gratis," a paid auto launder is required first.

Summit horsepower

The elevation horsepower of a vacuum cleaner is often measured by removal of any cooling fans and calculating power based on the motor's power plus the rotational inertial energy stored the motor armature and centrifugal blower. A tiptop horsepower rating is often an impractical effigy and is only valid for a very brusque period. Continuous power is typically far lower.^{[31] [32]}

Run into also

• Home appliance
• Hypoallergenic vacuum cleaner
• List of vacuum cleaners
• Street sweeper
• Suction excavator

References

1. ^ "Cheerio to the cheerio". 31 January 2009.
2. ^ "You lot do the luxing and you lot eat kingdom of belgium". three September 2009.
3. ^ "Fascinating facts near the invention of vacuum cleaner by Daniel Hess in 1860". The Cracking Idea Finder. Archived from the original on 10 July 2019.
4. ^ Hess, Daniel (10 July 1860) "Rug-Sweeper" U.S. Patent 29,077
5. ^ McGaffey, Ives W. (8 June 1869) "Improved-Sweeping Machine" U.S. Patent 91,145
6. ^ "Our History". Bissell. Archived from the original on 22 Nov 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
7. ^ ^{a b} Gantz, Carroll (21 Sep 2012). The Vacuum Cleaner: A History. McFarland. p. 45
8. ^ ^{a b} Wohleber, Short (Spring 2006). "The Vacuum Cleaner". Invention & Engineering science Mag. American Heritage Publishing. Archived from the original on xiii March 2010. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
9. ^ ^{a b} Gantz, Carroll (21 Sep 2012). The Vacuum Cleaner: A History. McFarland. p. 49
10. ^ "Sucking up to the vacuum cleaner". BBC News. 30 August 2001. Retrieved 6 December 2010.
11. ^ "THE STORY OF THE VACUUM CLEANER". bvc.co.uk.
12. ^ "The Changes to Vacuum Cleaners over the last 100 years". The People History.
13. ^ Levy, Joel (2003). Actually useful: the origins of everyday things . Firefly Books. p. 147. ISBN155297622X.
14. ^ U.S. Patent 889,823
15. ^ U.S. Patent 1,364,554
16. ^ "Vacuum cleaner lasts for 70 years". BBC News. 27 January 2008. Retrieved 28 January 2008.
17. ^ "Robot cleaner hits the shops". BBC News. sixteen May 2003. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
18. ^ Edginton, B. (2008) "The Air Recycling Cleaner". g0cwt.co.united kingdom
19. ^ Marketplace Transformation Programme (2006), "BNXS30: Vacuum cleaners – U.k. market, technologies, energy use, test methods and waste". Retrieved 20 Baronial 2009.
20. ^ Gantz, Carroll (21 September 2012). The Vacuum Cleaner: A History. McFarland. p. 189. ISBN9780786465521 . Retrieved 30 March 2015.
21. ^ DC Blower Specifications. Delta Electronics
22. ^ History of HMI Industries, Inc. – FundingUniverse. Fundinguniverse.com. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
23. ^ A new idea. dyson.co.uk
24. ^ Against the Odds: An Autobiography: Amazon.co.u.k.: James Dyson: Books. Amazon.com. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
25. ^ te Duits, Thimo, ed. (2003). The Origin of Things: Sketches, Models, Prototypes. Rotterdam: NAi Publishers. pp. 202–209. ISBN9056623184.
26. ^ "Cat Fleas' Journeying into The Vacuum Is A 'I-mode Trip'". Sciencedaily.com. 22 December 2007. Retrieved 19 June 2010.
27. ^ "Asbestos essentials em4 Using a Class H vacuum cleaner for asbestos" (PDF) . Retrieved xix June 2010.
28. ^ "Ten days left to vacuum upwards a powerful cleaner". BBC News. 21 August 2014. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
29. ^ Harrabin, Roger (ane September 2017). "Sales of inefficient vacuum cleaners banned". BBC News . Retrieved 8 September 2020.
30. ^ Rowlett, Russ (21 March 2001). "Units: A". How Many? A Dictionary of Units of Measurement. University of North Carolina at Chapel Colina. Archived from the original on 20 December 2008. Retrieved 27 March 2008.
31. ^ "The Horsepower of Shop-Vac Vacuums". Truth in Advertising (organization). July 2019. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
32. ^ "The Truth Almost Horsepower". Intervac Pattern . Retrieved five October 2021.

Further reading

• Booth, H. Cecil "The origin of the vacuum cleaner," Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 1934–1935, Book 15.
• Gantz, Carroll. The Vacuum Cleaner: A History (McFarland, 2012), 230 pp

External links

• Vacuum Cleaner at HowStuffWorks
• HEPA & ULPA vacuum cleaners – what they can and can't do for IAQ
• Invention of the vacuum cleaner, by H Cecil Booth (excerpt) at the Wayback Car (archived xx February 2008)
• The Historyscoper - online class on vacuum cleaner history with reference hyperlinks

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